Small modular nuclear reactor power

Small modular reactor – Wikipedia

Small modular reactors (SMRs) are a proposed class of nuclear fission reactors, smaller than conventional nuclear reactors, which can be built in one location (such as a factory), then shipped, commissioned, and operated at a separate site. The term SMR refers to the size, capacity and modular construction only, not to the reactor type and the nuclear process which is applied. Designs range from scaled down versions of existing designs to generation IV designs. Both thermal-neutron reactors and fast-neutron reactors have been proposed, along with molten salt and gas cooled reactor models.^[1]

SMRs are typically anticipated to have an electrical power output of less than 300 MW_e (electric) or less than 1000 MW_th (thermal). Many SMR proposals rely on a manufacturing-centric model, requiring many deployments to secure economies of unit production large enough to achieve economic viability. Some SMR designs^[which?], typically those using Generation IV technologies, aim to secure additional economic advantage through improvements in electrical generating efficiency from much higher temperature steam generation. Ideally, modular reactors will reduce on-site construction, increase containment efficiency, and are claimed to enhance safety. The greater safety should come via the use of passive safety features that operate without human intervention, a concept already implemented in some conventional nuclear reactor types. SMRs should also reduce staffing versus conventional nuclear reactors,^[2][3] and are claimed to have the ability to bypass financial and safety barriers that inhibit the construction of conventional reactors.^[3][4]

As of 2023, there are more than 80 modular reactor designs under development in 19 countries, and the first SMR units are in operation in Russia and China.^[5] The floating nuclear power plant Akademik Lomonosov (operating in Pevek in Russia’s Far East) is, as of October 2022, the first operating prototype in the world. The first unit of China’s pebble-bed modular high-temperature gas-cooled reactor HTR-PM was connected to the grid in 2021.^[5]

SMRs differ in terms of staffing, security and deployment time.^[6] US government studies to evaluate SMR-associated risks have slowed licensing.^[7][8][9] One concern with SMRs is preventing nuclear proliferation.^[10][11]

NBC Report:

How China became king of new nuclear power, how U.S. could catch up (cnbc.com)

“The U.S. is widely recognized to offer world-leading nuclear energy technology, but having great designs on paper is not enough – most other nations want to see that technology demonstrated before they will consider building it in their country,” Kotek told CNBC. “So the U.S. would be wise to incentivize an accelerated build-out of next-generation nuclear energy systems here at home, so that we’re in a position to take proven designs into the global marketplace and take back our position as the world’s top nuclear energy exporter.”

Developing countries look to China in push for smaller nuclear reactors | Energy Central

Here’s Why Hydrogen Is a Great Partner for Nuclear—and the Planet (nei.org)

1st small modular nuclear reactor certified for use in US | AP News

Nuclear Accident

List of nuclear power accidents by country – Wikipedia